Humanistic views have been present in both theistic and atheist philosophies since the very beginnings of human understanding. Humanism has its roots in Greek philosophy, which took a naturalistic worldview and made the human experience the standard for life. The Renaissance was a turning point for humanist thought in that it reemphasized the ability of man to understand the world without presupposing theism. Like its predecessor, Renaissance humanism also emphasized rationalism and a natural look at the world.
Modern Humanism Defined
Although termed a religion by some, Modern Humanism, is better defined as a non-theistic worldview; a philosophy which influences the views and actions of its proponents. As defined by IHEU bylaws, or the International Humanist and Ethical Union, Humanism is,
“… a democratic and ethical life stance, which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethic-based on human and other natural values in the spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities. It is not theistic, and it does not accept supernatural views of reality.”
Humanism places the human experience as the central basis for reality, claiming that mankind’s distinct ability to reason and understand the world in which they live is fundamental to existence. It is in this light that Humanists believe that a naturalistic worldview, with humanity at its center, is the only way that mankind can give meaning and importance to life.
Religious Humanism, also referred to as an Ethical Culture, is a form of Modern Humanism which takes Humanist views from the realm of philosophy to that of a complete non-theistic religion. Religious Humanists have a distinct set of beliefs, not unlike other religions, which form the basis of their human centered worldview.
Humanist Manifesto
The three Humanist Manifestos, written between 1973 and 2003, outline the key views of religious Humanism. All three writings have a central theme of human rationality, personal fulfillment, and ethical values without an appeal to theism. Among the three manifestos, the one which best portrays Modern Humanist views is number three, written in 2003.
Humanism and Its Aspirations, or the Humanist Manifesto III, spells out the views common to Modern Humanist.
The article's six tenants of Humanist thought embrace that;
- Knowledge of the world is derived by observation, experimentation, and rational analysis.
- Humans are an integral part of nature, the result of unguided evolutionary change.
- Ethical values are derived from human need and interest as tested by experience.
- Life's fulfillment emerges from individual participation in the service of humane ideals.
- Humans are social by nature and find meaning in relationships.
- Working to benefit society maximizes individual happiness.
Amsterdam Declaration
The Amsterdam Declaration of 2002 is the one of the most modern affirmations of Modern Humanism to date, reaffirming the original Amsterdam Declaration signed in 1952. This declaration confirms the Humanist Manifestos and explicates the Humanist worldview.
The seven proclamations which make up the Declaration, confirm that;
- Humanism is ethical.
- Humanism is rational.
- Humanism supports democracy and human rights.
- Humanism insists that personal liberty must be combined with social responsibility.
- Humanism is a response to the widespread demand for an alternative to dogmatic religion.
- Humanism values artistic creativity and imagination.
- Humanism is a lifestance aiming at the maximum possible fulfillment through the cultivation of ethical and creative living.
Alternate Worldview
As an alternate worldview, Modern Humanism has been at the forefront of philosophical and religious thought for over half a century. Humanism's appeal to reason and rationality, human morality, and naturalistic viewpoint make it a fascinating alternative. For those looking for an alternative to theistic religions, without the seemingly detached skepticism and cynicism of modern non-theism, Humanism may be the perfect answer.
References
IHEU General Assembly. "IHEU's Bylaws." International Humanist and Ethical Union. 27 Sept. 2004. IHEU. 6 Mar. 2009 <http://www.iheu.org/>.
"Humanism and Its Aspirations." International Humanist and Ethical Union. 2003. IHEU. 6 Mar. 2009 <http://www.iheu.org/>.
"Amsterdam Declaration of 2002." International Humanist and Ethical Union. 2002. IHEU. 6 Mar. 2009 <http://www.iheu.org/>.
